AO1 Multiculturalists support the protection of minority cultures as culture is seen as critical to identity and human nature. AO2 Multiculturalism aims to protect minority cultures: the identity of humans is bound up in their cultures as the individual does not exist before or outside of society (Taylor). [IJ] Showing there is agreement over their support for the protection of minority cultures due to the importance of culture to identity. AO1 Most multiculturalists recognise that culture can be seen as a means of oppression through marginalisation, but also a positive force to challenge oppression. AO2 Much of multiculturalism is an agreement in its support of the politics of recognition (Taylor) as recognition is central to an individual's identity and self-worth and acknowledging the importance of cultural belonging in order to counter marginalisation and oppression. [IJ] Showing agreement over the support for the politics of recognition so that minority cultures can counter marginalisation and oppression. AO1 Multiculturalism strongly rejects assimilation as a one-way process which flattens out cultural differences and undermines a person's sense of who they are. AO2 Multiculturalists oppose assimilation as it ignores the importance of culture and identity, leading to alienation, inequality and injustice that undermine the unity of society. [IJ] Demonstrating clear agreement over their support for the protection of minority cultures.

AO1 There is disagreement between cosmopolitan multiculturalists and the rest of multiculturalism about the reasons for promoting the importance of culture and identity. AO2 Cosmopolitan multiculturalists support cosmopolitan integration that dissolves cultural groups to create global citizens with a cosmopolitan identity and that culture is a matter of choice. Whilst other multiculturalists support the importance of diversity, culture and identity and the idea that humans are culturally embedded (Parekh). [IJ] So there is clear disagreement within multiculturalism between cosmopolitan multiculturalism and other multiculturalists over the importance of culture and identity. AO1 There is no agreement over how far the support for minority cultures should extend. AO2 Liberal multiculturalists support shallow diversity and are not hospitable to illiberal cultural practices which impact on the autonomy of the individual (Kymlicka), whilst pluralist multiculturalists support deep diversity, starting from the principle that all cultures have some worth (Parekh) or from the idea of value pluralism (Berlin). [IJ] So there is clear disagreement within multiculturalism over the extent of their support for the protection of minority cultures. AO1 There are disagreements over how to protect culture and identity. AO2 While liberal multiculturalists have favoured group differentiated rights and/or the politics of recognition, pluralists go beyond this, arguing that the whole role of the state has to be reimagined through multiculturalism. [IJ] Showing disagreement within multiculturalism over how to protect and promote culture and identity.